Microsoft Xbox hits games

The Xbox is a video game console produced by Microsoft. It is a sixth generation game console. It was Microsoft's first game console in the games market. The integrated Xbox Live service allows players to compete online. It was released in the late 2001 in all over the world. Till the year of 2006 24+ million units had been sold out of this game console. Its operating system based on Windows NT architecture and Windows XP. Its storage capacity is 8 to 10 GB internal Hard Drive and memory is 64 MB. Its graphics are supported by 233 MHz nVidia NV2A.



List of Hit games of Microsoft Xbox
The Xbox video games console support exciting video games which are incorporated highly interactive to thrill the users. The quality of animations and sound make the games very interesting to play. Below are the list of the top world wide popular games of Microsoft Xbox game console.


* Halo 2 with 8 million units sold.
* Halo: Combat Evolved
* Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell
* Fable
* Project Gotham Racing
* Grand Theft Auto Double Pack
* Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic
* Counter-Strike
* Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
* Need for Speed: Underground 2
* Madden NFL 2005
* Madden NFL 2006
* Call of Duty 2: Big Red One
* ESPN NFL 2K5
* Dead or Alive 3
* Star Wars: Battlefront
* Star Wars: Battlefront II
* Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon
* Need for Speed: Underground





The ultimate guru of the Game console - The Nintendo GameCube

It's only just a crush, it'll go away,

Huuh, esimene riigieksam tehtud. äöäöäö. See oli jube, aga hakkama sain. Uhu. Ma ei saa endiselt üle - "Oo sport, sa oled raha!" ja mitte midagi kunstist ega loodusest, wtf !
But anyway.. I was just testing out my new Canon controller and it works wonderfully. Success!

( I used CanonEOS 400D, 50mm lens, Canon remote controller RC-1 and PhotoshopCS3 for the pictures)

What Are Telescopes and Its Benefit

A telescope "telescope" is an instrument for observation of distant objects. The term usually refers to optical telescopes, but there are telescopes for most of the frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and other signal types. An optical telescope is an optical tool that collects and focuses electromagnetic radiation. Telescopes increase the apparent angular size of distant objects, as well as their apparent brightness. Telescopes work by employing one or more curved optical elements - lenses or mirrors - to gather light or other electromagnetic radiation, and bring light or radiation focus where the image can be seen, studied or photographed. Optical telescopes used for astronomy and in many non astronomical instruments.

The main objective of a telescope is to gather light, i.e. to collect and focus photons are. We can think of a telescope and then as a "light bucket" - the bigger the bucket, the more photons a telescope can collect.

Types of telescopes:

There are three basic types of telescopes - Refractor, Newtonian reflectors, and Catadioptrics.

Newtonian Reflector telescopes:

Newtonians usually use a concave parabolic primary mirror to collect and focus incoming light on a flat secondary mirror, which in turn reflects the image of an opening on the side of the main tube and into the eyepiece.

Refractor telescopes:

Lens Binoculars have a lens on the front of the glass. The light comes out through the back of the tube to the eyepiece. Since many observations are made high in the sky, a right-angle diagonal is used to avoid neck strain. It also gives an upright image makes them suitable for terrestrial observations. A refractor has several advantages over other designs. The tubes are sealed so that dust and moisture does not enter the tube, they have fixed optics that do not normally require collimation, and they do not have a central obstruction which reduces the light entering the tube. A refractor will typically provide a higher quality images of planets than other telescopes in the same aperture.

Catadioptric system telescopes:

Telescopes using a combination of both mirrors and lenses called catadioptrics. There are many different designs. Examples of these are the Schmidt-Cass grain and Maksutov-Cassegrain. Normally a full-aperture lenses used to correct deviations in a composite mirror telescope. The correction lens also enhances the performance of the instrument, as air currents are eliminated. The main advantage of the design is that because the light path is folded back on itself, it offers a very portable, short physical length telescope with a long focal length.

Advantage:

1. The aperture of a telescope is several times larger than the aperture of your eye, so the objects can not normally be seen by naked eye can see. Light-gathering power of a telescope is proportional to the area of the aperture and thus depends on the square of the radius of the mirror. Therefore, a 20 cm diameter telescope collects four times more photons than a 10 cm diameter telescope.

2. A telescope can be positioned to absorb light over a long period by means of photographic film or electronic detectors such as photometers or CCD detectors, while the eye has no ability to store light. A long exposure photograph taken through a telescope reveal objects too weak to be seen with the naked eye, even by looking through the same telescope.

3. A third major advantage of large telescopes is that they have superior resolution, the ability to distinguish fine details. Small resolution is good. The resolution is directly proportional to the wavelength observed and inversely proportional to the diameter of the telescope.

Types Of Microphones And Their Uses

The key behind the working of a microphone is the diaphragm. The whole technology of the microphone depends on the diaphragm because it is the only thing that captures sound waves to generate signals. So regardless of technology, function microphone is the same way. But of course, different applications for different technologies that each microphone has its own use.

Technically, there are five types of microphones commonly used for different purposes. From the past, there is the wireless microphone which is very popular today. They are widely used for recording and broadcast sounds. These microphones are portable and can be connected to the camera, recorder, or speaker without the cable. In this system there are three components that work together to create and send a signal to the point where it is registered and amplified.

Firstly there is the microphone which is a little clip fixed around the ear or in reverse. Next is the transmitter that converts an audio signal to a signal in either FM, VHF or UHF band of radio frequencies. The last component is the antenna that sends the generated signal to a short distance. These microphones are used in different kinds of shows like TV shows, stage shows or shows by bands.

The other types of microphones are as follows:

Dynamic microphones: These work by means of electromagnetic induction. There is a magnet that induces current to flow in the wire. When the diaphragm vibrates due to sound waves, are magnetic moved and this movement creates a small stream. As the dynamic microphones are strong and resistant to moisture, they are mainly used in stage performances by singers and bands.

Condenser microphones: These are also called condensers as the diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor and the vibrations produce changes in distance between the plates. And these changes are compounded to create a measurable signal. But that condenser microphones require a small battery to provide a voltage across the capacitor. Being able to produce high quality sound, they are used in laboratory and studio recordings.

Ribbon microphones: These microphones operate with the help of a metal strip that is suspended in a magnetic field and connected electrically to the microphone. This ribbon is moved from sound waves to change the current flowing through it, and thus electrical signal is generated. Ribbon microphones are used primarily to basins in the drums.

Crystal microphones: These microphones are a crystal attached to the diaphragm, which generates signal when the diaphragm is vibrated by sound waves. Indeed, using Piezoelectric phenomenon. This means that there are some materials such as crystals, which produce a voltage when exposed to pressure, to convert vibrations into electrical signals. However, crystal microphones used with vacuum tube equipment as domestic tape recorders. They are even used as contact microphones to amplify sound from acoustic musical instruments.

Carbon microphones: These microphones were used in phones in the past. The basic use carbon dust, which has a thin metal diaphragm on one side. And when the sound waves compress the membrane environment sweepings that changes its resistance. This changes the resistance alter the amount of current passing through.

What are Ferrite Chokes

Ferrite beads and chokes both have impedance characteristics that can be employed as filters and safeguards to mitigate unwanted interference in electronic circuits. Random high frequency signals, also known as "noise" can cause other nearby circuits to malfunction.

An analogy for unwanted noise on top of the signal being at a party and trying to have an intimate conversation with someone you can not hear because everyone else around you is being too loud. The circuit through electromagnetic coupling, a circuit that has very sharp pulses can induce additional signals of the main signal in a nearby circuit, thereby becoming a source of noise that makes it almost impossible for the receiving circuit to interpret the main signal.

So what exactly are these things? A ferrite bead or choke is a non-resistant electronic member composed of ferromagnetic substances containing iron and trace amounts of nickel, zinc, or manganese oxides. Impedance characteristics of ferrite choke make it possible to deal with a high resistance to high frequency signals and low resistance to lower frequency signals. In this way the high frequency noise subdued, and the absorbed energy is converted to a very small amount of heat. The type of ferrite material used in the bead will determine the frequency range repression and the physical dimensions and shape of ferrite bead determine the amount of repression possible.

The beads themselves can be other than a dowel-type device that has a hole in the middle or something that looks like a blob of metal, which is really a multi-layer pearl used in surface mount applications. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression beads, which are comparable with coils, designed to increase in transmission of signals with frequency until a resonance point. While a standard coil's wave propagation would begin to decline as the frequency continues to increase, the ferrite bead inductance flattened and serves as a perfect muffler for a wide frequency band.

A very basic use of ferrite chokes are on computer cables. You've probably seen these before, they look like a bump or a cylinder of wire. These bottles have snap-on ferrite beads to suppress the potential RF interference from the cables.

They can also be used in mobile phones. There is no agreement on whether the radiation from mobile phones will be detrimental to one's brain, and there are various devices available for sale as ferrite chokes or shields that are designed with the intent to suppress the radiation and interference from the phone. If your phone is placed near the speakers on your PC, you will actually hear this interaction of sound waves or interference.

Usually what happens is that you hear an annoying buzzing, which occurs because the cables on the speakers pick up the energy transfer from your mobile phone. Besides adding beads to your phone, you may also want to make snap-on beads on your speakers to curb disorder (unless you want two seconds alarm that your phone is about to ring).

Because today's circuits are faster and more of them packed in a circuit, it is highly desirable to employ ferrite beads and other techniques to suppress noise. Digital designers are thinking only of ones and zeros signals until they uncover nightmare of the sphere of analog, which is noisy circuit behavior or interference from power supplies or problems with grounding.

Besides protecting yourself from your own circuits, there are numerous "harden applications" where you need to protect circuits attenuate any noise caused by external sources. An example would be a strong transmitter as a mobile phone is accidentally operated on an aircraft, or a more focused attempt to jam a military use.

Ferrite bead and strangles are basic equipment which can serve as the first line of defense for RF and other noise damping suppresses applications. A company that produces pearls can give you the arcs in impedance vs. frequency for the beads they produce; typically their application engineers can help you choose the right type of pearl.

The Microsoft and Apple Comparison

Microsoft and Apple are two powerhouses when it comes to IT-related and consumer electronics industries. Both these companies have many similarities and differences with each other and they both went corporate within several years of each other.

Let’s start with some information about Apple. Corporation was formerly known as Apple Computer, Inc. but changed the name to Apple Inc. in the end. Apple focuses on manufacturing and designing consumer electronics and closely related software products.

They are best known for their personal computer, Macintoish, media player known as the iPod, and recently the iPhone. All these products have received great reviews and is just getting better with time and technological progress. From Warner Brothers short to have GPS on your phone, the technology has definitely made leaps and bounds in recent years.

In line with software, including Apple products iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software, Final Cut Studio for audio and film industry, iTunes media browser, and most popular Mac OS X operating system. Currently there are over two hundred stores in seven different countries and an online store, where almost every Apple product that is currently be sold.

ITunes Store is also available which has recently expanded their depths to sell. They are now able to provide music, TV programs, music videos, podcasts, audiobooks and iPod games, which can be downloaded to your Mac OS X or Windows and then put on your iPhone or iPod touch.

The company was established in 1976 and has been growing ever since. The annual sales in its 2007 financial year was 24.01 billion U.S. dollars. A big victory for the company continues to grow.

Now at Microsoft Corporation. The Company is an American multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, licenses and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices. They are best known for the Microsoft Windows operating system and Microsoft Office series.

Bill Gates became the richest man in the world through this company, and although he no longer believes that spot as the second richest man in the world is nothing to be sorry. Recently Bill Gates has thrown in the towel and stepped down from Microsoft Corporation to continue its charitable organization.

One of the visions he had for Microsoft was to have a workstation running Microsoft software in every office desk and home. Microsoft has been so successful over the years, due to the release of an IPO in the stock market, Microsoft created 12,000 millionaires and four billionaires from their employees.

Microsoft is also very popular in several other markets too, such as mouse and home entertainment products. These consist of Zune, MSN TV, Xbox and Xbox 360 With all these streams of revenue coming in to Microsoft, they have progressed to purchase power house search engine Yahoo. Unfortunately, made their offer of 44.6 billion U.S. dollars not satisfy Yahoo.

As you can see, Microsoft Zune and had enormous strides over the years. There are definitely some intense competition between the two, especially for the computer market with all the Apple commercials using Microsoft as a dummy. It's pretty brave of Apple to throw punches to the big guy in the computer industry, but it seems to be working.

You will definitely be seeing these two companies continue to dominate when it comes to releasing software and hardware that uses the latest and most advanced technology. Both companies specialize in certain hardware and software products of their own, but it seems that for every line that Microsoft, Apple has, and vice versa.

Two Way Pagers Vs. Cell Phones

Some people will tell you that two-way pagers are better and more convenient than cell phones. This may seem hard to believe, especially if you have not owned a pager in a while. But the truth is that the latest models offer great features at a reasonable price, and that is what makes them competitive compared to mobile phones.

The Old Days

To understand how far these tools have come, let us go back to the Dark Ages ... A few years ago!

Beeper, which we used to call them could only receive messages. This means that the pager would show someone calls you, but you can not use it to call someone.

They have also shown only numbers. This meant that your beeper would go off and it would give you a series of numbers without a name or something. Then you had to go to a phone and call back the person you may not even be sure.

It was then, This Is Now

Now we have two way pagers and alpha-numeric pagers. "Two way" means you can send messages and receive them. Alpha-numeric means you can use the text and figures.

Different styles have different text features. For example, they usually only allow you to send text messages, although there is Modler out there that have extended characters in length.

Different models have different ways of entering text. Most have a small QWERTY keyboard that you can use a few fingers to enter text. Some of the best models come out in the last few years have been those that flip open like a modern cell. This way they can be kept closed.

The best state-of-the-art text messaging models have Internet capabilities. This means that you can effectively carry a small computer around in your pocket. These functions are usually somewhat limited, but you can still get news reports, e-mail and surf some real websites.

The Price Is Right

One reason for this is now competitive with cell phones is price. Even the most imaginative versions are still cheaper than most mobile phones. Options like nationwide paging, which allows you to receive and send messages almost everywhere, are often better deals than mobile roaming prices. Pagers usually have better range and reception as well.

In many situations, pagers more pleasant to use. For example. Those who use a mobile phone for their business, noting that a pager works just as well without the extra features they do not need you can also knock a few bucks from the price. With prices lower than mobile phones, a small business owner can afford to equip all their staff with these communication tools.

Better reception

They argue that the reception is better than cellular service is true. This is because pagers operate on a regular, simple radio frequency. They do not have as much information to post. On the other hand, mobile phones to be used where there are towers to get the signal.

We've all had problems with our wireless reception. It seems like no matter how they improve the technology, your conversations can still turn into Swiss cheese when you go under a bridge. Pagers have no problem.

It is more important than ever to be reached wherever you are. Before you head out and buy a cell phone, you should check out what the paging industry has to offer. Text messaging pagers can save you money and hassle.

The Best Portable Generators on the Market Today

A portable generator is able to provide power anywhere, anytime. They can be used in emergencies during power outages or some quick power while camping. How portable generator, the type of fuel it uses and how much power it can provide, depending on model. When shopping for a generator, be sure to narrow your search based on what the situation will be used most often. Focus on certain options will help isolate the best unit for the job.

Portability

Generators can come in small packages, but there are qualifications to any size available. Remember that the size of the generator will affect how much power the unit will provide. The smallest class generator is usually only prescribed to a device at a time. Besides having smaller engines, generators, which can be implemented with one hand will need to be refueled more often than larger companies. Sized portable generators will last longer, but full size units will have more fuel and electric options. Large portable machines may come with a wheel attached to the frame, but they are hardly as easy to move the small initial models. The portable units that provide the greatest impact is so large that they are mounted on their own trailer.

Since there is a large margin between the largest and smallest portable generators, finding a balance between the amount of energy needs and the amount of space. For example, the ability to run many different devices sound appealing, but the biggest generator models will require a truck for transport, more storage and more room to run and wait safely.

Fuel

There are several options for nutrient portable generators. Smaller models are more likely to use gasoline or propane for energy. Larger units are almost exclusively diesel. Since all manufacturers produce energy through the fire, they can not run in an enclosed space. Make sure they are outside and cleaned of residue, so the heat and carbon monoxide can spread.

Petrol and diesel are often the most popular choice for fuel because it is easy to keep these fluids on hand. But propane is a very effective way to provide power and is available at most service stations. Since the cost of oil rises, the propane being a cheaper option than the others. Moreover, these generators connected directly into a line, a steady flow of fuel.

Power Output

Obviously, the smaller units would not be able to give as much power as their larger counterparts. Many generators have their nominal power incorporated in their name. This is usually the output of the generator in watts. All appliances require a certain amount of power to run. If this figure is less than the rating of the generator, the unit will power it. However, many devices require a surge of power to get started. The generator must be rated over the incipient power of the apparatus or it will not provide enough power to ignite the device. Not all appliances use more energy to boot, but it is wise to check in order to avoid overloading the generator.

Top portable generators

Since the generators used in many different capacities, finding the right is not a difficult process. Companies that manufacture vehicles that Honda and Yamaha are known for their reliable engines, allowing them to deliver high quality generators as well. There are a number of quality manufacturers that deal strictly in generators. The top product in each category is first and foremost a matter of personal opinion.

Generators with automatic start is available for those who do not like to start a generator by hand. Others may deal with noise, longevity, or fuel efficiency. The big generator market ensures that consumers can find just the perfect unit.

The best way to go about choosing the perfect generator is about to do some research. Product reviews and consumer organizations reports should reveal the best generator for a selected job. Thorough research will help the buyer choose which product best suits their situation, but the research should not stop after the purchase is made. Always read the operation manual before using the equipment for the first time, and be sure to follow all safety rules.

To get the most out of the new generator, fuel carefully and not overload the unit. If handled properly, a quality generator will be able to grace camping trips, improved cook outs and save the day in an emergency for many years to come.

The Importance Of Technology News

The importance of technology can not be underestimated, the technology industry is probably the fastest in the world following news stories is vital because technology can cover all types of industries and hence news stories vary widely in subject matter.

In today's high tech world it is not surprising that so many areas of commerce and life depend on the technology and then no news in these areas is essential for even the lay reader. Technology news is so important that many news sites have created pages dedicated solely to report on technological developments.

Naturally, industries such as computer and video games are very interested in the developments reported as part of technology news stories. In Computing new processor chips and other developments are always followed closely to assess the effect of future computers. The same can be said about the video games industry that constantly uses technology news stories to keep an eye on what competitors are doing.

Not only can news in this industry contain technological developments but sales figures and levels of global sales of consoles and games. Another essential element of news in the gaming industry is to see which games are banned and heavily monitored by supervisors, as this can help developers get a good sense of where the boundaries lay in game development.

There are industries that are dependent on the technology news pages that may surprise some people, the pharmaceutical industry relies heavily on the technical development to support forms of diagnosis and treatment. A recent story about students using consoles to increase their dexterity before the operation was a news article that gave a unique insight into the medical world.

Surprisingly sport becomes more and more dependent on technology to increase their efficiency and skill levels; in cricket it is believed that some players where GPS systems that reveal the amount of running a specific player does during a match and hence modify his training regime.

The importance of technology in communications is probably where news is most important. As one of the fastest developing industries in the world, the communications potential to change our lives unimaginably. Already the mobile phone has revolutionized the way we live and communicate and hence many want to be well informed when a new technology comes. Next generation phones with full mobile Internet and GPS navigation systems are at the forefront of mobile industry meaning enthusiasts as well as industry commentators are glued to the news stories as they role out presses.

Other developments reported in the technology news pages include information on the interfaces we use to interact with our various parts of the technology. Recent stories have included reports headsets that allow users to control game characters through emotions and facial expressions and the ability to move items cognitively in a virtual world. Outside the sphere gaming rumors of a '3 D internet 'are widespread increase progress in the way we interact with technology.

Developments include ways in which technology can change our home lives. With the news reporting of fridges that can automatically order food as it runs out, self-cleaning ovens and vacuum cleaners that will clean the house without the lifting of the finger. If you believe all the news stories have to say that in future we will be living in a world without manual labor.

Everyone should have a passing interest in the technological development that could eventually change everyone's lives better. Granted some of the technology news stories may be too detailed for the lay reader can enjoy, but if the stories are written from a public interest perspective, should all be entertained and educated about technology, may one day change the world.

Microwave Oven Radiation Dangers & Safety

The microwave is possibly one of the best inventions for busy people. Allows us to cook food at a fraction of the time it would take an oven, the microwave oven cooking made easy for millions of people worldwide. But the amount of radiation we are exposed in our daily lives has been a worry for many people.

How Microwaves Work

Microwave heating food by sending out waves that cause water molecules in a food item to vibrate rapidly. This creates an energy that presents itself as heat to cook food. Ideally, the waves are contained in the microwave because the door is closed when it is lit, release waves and cooking food.

Problems arise when living skin tissue is exposed to these waves. This type of radiation is only present while the microwave is running and if it has a leak. This leakage is undetectable to the human eye, as microwaves are colorless and odorless.

Microwave Radiation Health Concerns

The radiation from your microwave oven can cause potentially serious health problems.

These problems include:

Skin Cancer, Cataracts, dizziness and headaches, blood disorders, Temporary Sterility in males

Experts fear that children are more susceptible to any damage caused by microwave resonance. This is because a baby's cells are still dividing rapidly as they grow and any interference with natural biological processes can cause cellular mutation and possibly long-term injury.

Unfortunately, investigations are done to determine "safe" levels of exposures to microwave radiation tested subjects exposed to high levels of radiation in a relatively short period. Effects of low-level exposure over several decades is unknown.

The danger is exacerbated when people are bombarded with radiation, not only from their microwaves, but from mobile phones, wireless networks, radio towers and much more. It's hard to pinpoint exactly which technology could be the cause of the extent of radiation from the environment to increase to an unsafe level. Without really knowing what unsafe level due to a lack of solid research, one can only try to limit their exposure.

How to avoid dangerous microwave exposure?

Research by microwave repair soldiers show that over 50% of microwaves which are at least two years old leak around 10% higher radiation levels than what is recommended by the FDA. The good news is that by making a small adjustment, the problem may be solved. If you have a microwave that more than two years old, have it serviced to see if it is safe to use.

The Basics And Importance Of Calibration

Calibration is a process that occurs in almost all industries that publish, medical or commercial. Unfortunately, calibration is such a technical term that not all people know that it actually happens, even in their own homes.

Calibration is the process to check equipment and ensure that the values used in the measurements available in the standard points. It is the process to check a machine's work and achievements in a set of specifications.

When you are done the right way, the calibration can make your life easier and better. It allows faster processes and of course with less mistakes and errors. During calibration, it is also important to ensure that measurements in the period are also valid. Remember that whatever values you have acquired during the calibration process are the values which have been accepted to be the most accurate and precise.

Problems however arise when calibration services are not done correctly. It is often what happens when a cheap service is purchased. It is important that you get a good service, especially if your business operates under a standardized quality system as the ISO 9000

Implementation of the reality of ISO 9000 was one of the primary reasons why the calibration software is so popular. To operate within the set standards, you do regularly check the machines and networks used.

Calibration is based on the data collected and assembled by experts in the fields. Often, these data came from experiments, studies and projects which required calibration. The many data supporting the process is why the calibration standards has long been established.

Once calibrated, a machine or system is compared against a second machine, whose values are already standardized and established. The larger the base that was used in the calibration, the better and wider are the chances of incorrect values to be replaced and adjusted. The introduction of newer and more advanced models only serve to refine the standard.

One of the wonders that people have discovered the world of science and measurements is calibration. Often described as the process to review and determine the relationship between output and response from the meter to the value of the input quantity is known as a calibration measurement standard.

For non-specialized use, calibration involves the entire process of adjusting the output / outcome or indication of a measuring instrument to correlate with the value of the standard used within the boundaries of specific accuracy.

Why use CALIBRATION?

In more modern and scientific language that is calibration mentioned the natural process of change, which is used to measure accuracy and comparison of a measuring instrument which has a standard to determine possible errors in a certain extent.

Today calibration basically used for the manufacturing process, so less and less possible errors can happen. This process or devices are also used to lower the cost of production or potential production by determining or ensuring quality.

Calibration is also ideal to minimize possible error because it uses scientific method for determining impending miscalculations while you do something to correct mistakes if there were any. Calibration is becoming increasingly popular for businesses because the method is designed to save time, manpower and other resources in any production by means of precise control.

If there was one industry that comes a lot in the discovery and exploitation of calibration, it will be many laboratories worldwide that conduct seemingly endless and ongoing research. The researcher or observer mission normally use this measuring apparatus to refine his or her work.

Calibration is also highly beneficial for a researcher, he or she is not the time to develop his / her own equipment due to lack of time and he / she needs a set of methods for accurate testing.

Apart from the research laboratories, calibration is also very beneficial because it makes the construction of instruments capable of measuring with sufficient precision and less likely to ensure correction.

Considered as the actual accuracy of a scale or balance calibration is widespread in testing products to have their precise weight. In the U.S. alone, is called an agency National Institute of Standards and Technology, which is responsible for maintaining standards for values of SI units and industrial standards, calibration has become a useful tool to provide traceability of their subjects of study by keeping the basic standards for calibration.

Icon Identification - What Those iPod Symbols Mean

If you are a new user of the ever popular iPod, you may have noticed that it takes time to learn what those little icons mean and want to know when to be alarmed or bothered. Every one of them has a purpose, and we all know how much of a drag it is to read the User Manual.

Would not it be easy if someone just spelled it out in plain English so everyone can see? Instead of digging through a manual full of technical jargon, here we will discuss the meanings of the icons appear on the screen.

You will see a battery icon when battery is low. You must connect your iPod to your computer or the nearest outlet. Let it charge for at least a couple hours or longer if possible. When charging, the battery icon still appears on screen, you can have a bigger problem at hand. You may need to do a bit troubleshoot or replace the battery.

To trouble shoot your battery, do you sure you have the latest firmware upgrade. Then do your battery and just let your iPod play without interruption until it dies. Then recharge the battery. To replace the battery, you can contact your manufacturer or retailer.

If you see the Folder icon means you have a software problem. It is suggested that you restore your entire iPod by updating the system or erase your iPod. To erase and restore your iPod, open: My Computer: desktop. Then choose: IPOD: it should be located near your C drive. Now right-click and choose: Format:. Select: FAT 32: and: Format:, and then restart your computer. Once you've deleted your iPod, you must engage the Restore function from the iPod Updater program.

To restore your iPod, do the following: Connect your iPod to your computer using FireWire / USB cable that came with your iPod. Now, open iTunes. In the event that your computer when the iPod is connected, it may ask you to install the correct software. If not, download the latest version of iPod Updater. Install and open the application iPod Updater.

To continue, when you click Restore, you may be asked to enter an Admin user name and password. When the alert box appears to confirm that you want to restore iPod click: Yes:. When the factory settings have been restored, unplug the FireWire / USB cable from iPod. You'll be prompted to restore the iPod FireWire / USB cable after it has switched on and you can see the message: Do not disconnect:.

If you are prompted to type a name for iPod in box. Uncheck: Automatically update my iPod: option if you want, and click finish. ITunes main window appears, and download status is displayed in the iTunes display. Wait until the iTunes display says the update is finished. Quit iTunes.

Then disconnect the FireWire / USB cable from iPod. In a short time, it seems language display on the iPod screen. Pick a language. Quit the iPod Software Updater. If iPod does not turn at all, disconnect it from power and let it sit unconnected for approximately 24 hours. Then do it all again.

If your iPod still under warranty, you go to AppleCare iPod Support Page to arrange for service. If your iPod is out of warranty, contact a repair service for more options.

Nobody wants to see Sad Face iPod. Once again try to delete and restore your system. If the sad face still appears on the screen, replace the hard disk.

You can see the plug icon when updating or restoring your iPod. First, remove the iPod from your PC and connect it to a power adapter for iPods. The electric power can help complete the process of updating. If your iPod does not have a wall charger, you get one.

The Do not disconnect Icon will know if your iPod is connected to a PC.

The magnifying glass icon appears sometimes. This is the iPod's internal control system where it controls hard disk for problems. When you see a disk and chop, it's a good thing. Your iPod passed the hardware scan. If you see a disk and arrow, it means problems were found. You should delete and restore your system as quickly as possible.

A disc with an exclamation point signals caution and means the scan failed. In this case, reset your iPod by holding Menu and Play buttons down for ten seconds. Scan to automatically restart. A disk with an X means the scan was canceled.

Importance of Mobile Phone in our Daily Life

Mobile phones have pushed into our lives and have made their own unique condition. Once considered a luxury, is now the things closest to our hearts. Mobiles have even replaced watches people now find it easier to see the time in their cell phones. Mobile phones have become the personal dairies for many. A mobile phone acts as your mother wakes you in the morning, it is your reminder that keeps you updated with all your meetings and important events. Calculator and notes have your mobile phone personal assistant. Mobile phones because of their different multi-function capabilities have replaced many other devices.

When you are stressed and need some music to soothe your soul, so just turn your music on your mobile will work for you. Now one day, most mobile phones have a music player or an FM receiver. This will ensure that you do not get bored at any time. Phones are also popular camera function. Now, point-and-shoot imaging has been rediscovered with the mobile phone camera. Mobile phones now offer extended memory functions. This has made it possible for users to store multiple files and multimedia in his phone. Phones have even introduced a hard drive in them and this has increased memory capabilities phone tremendously. Mobile phones now flaunt up to 8 GB of memory.

Access to the Internet has become mandatory in many professions. Now mobile phones are also replacing the laptop by making Internet access via mobile phone. This has given way to service providers to provide various Internet services. Mobile banking and stock updates have been a common cause for the mobile phone user. Mobile phones are still a style statement for many, depending on the type of phone you buy.

Mobile phones are available under a grand and the cost runs up to tens of thousands. There are diamond-studded phones, which add to the class and status as a person. Mobile phones are best known for their communication purposes are calling from anywhere anytime, will transnational has allowed increased communication between people. The reduction in call rates of only helping and this technology is reaching rural areas to enable advanced communications with them.

Mobile phones have popularized the messaging service and has made it easy for people to send across messages and nearly obliterated the traditional letter system. Thus mobile phones have intervened in our lives in a positive way and continue to do better.

There are many mobile shops present on the network where you can buy phones and get a discount too.

How Do Solar Panels Work

In rural areas, especially in places where utility power is not available, solar panels are the answer. Wherever electrical power is needed, be it for a mountain cabin, a cruising sailboat or a family home, there is a solar system to fill needs. We will delve into the details of how solar panels work.

Solar panels harvest the sun's energy to produce electricity to power lights and appliances or for any application that requires electrical power.

Solar photovoltaic cells are arranged in a grid-like pattern on the surface of solar panel. These solar voltaic cells collect sunlight during the day and convert it into energy. Energy is created when sunlight hits solar panels crystals and causes some electrons to break loose.

The amount of electricity produced depends largely on the quality of solar panels and the technology to do it. Panels of special semiconductors like silicon convert solar energy directly into electricity.

Of the three main types of solar panels available, monocrystalline panels have the highest output per cell area and the most expensive. Polycrystalline cells are slightly cheaper. Thin film type, but was unbreakable, are only half as efficient per cell area.

We are now moving closer to realizing the full potential of solar energy, but much remains to be done in the form of research to make it cost effective before it can be used on a widespread basis. The advantages of using solar panels to harvest energy from the sun for general household use will dramatically reduce electricity bills and reduce pollution.

Photovoltaic modules are used to exploit solar energy. These modules can be adapted to accommodate different power generation needs. On a commercial basis, are modules in crystalline silicon, the most efficient available. These modules are designed in complete packages for residential, commercial and industrial purposes.

Solar panels have been of silicon but as silicon becomes more expensive, research has shown to other materials. Last, is an entirely new type of solar collector produced. They are made of plastic and the price is relatively cheap. These plastic panels work just as well to power almost any device that is used in a home in a remote location.

Solar panels are mostly placed on the roof. The power generated is sent to battery storage and household power needs are drawn from this storage.

Solar energy is also very suitable for heating water for household use, swimming pools and hot tubs. The best thing about solar is that it does not release harmful emissions or effluents leading to global warming, acid rain and smog.

Research and competition is slowly bringing the price down on solar panels. Solar panels used as popular in rural areas but now the scenario is changing and solar power are rapidly in urban areas. After one day, use of solar energy for household use becomes a common practice, power companies have to reduce rates for everyone, regardless of whether the household uses solar panels or not.

If you are thinking of installing solar panels for your home use, ensure that your property has good access to sunlight. Be prepared also to spend in the region of more than $ 20,000. It may look expensive but it will save you a lot in the long run. The usefulness of solar panels is great. Having solar panels installed for your home, you can live anywhere even in rural areas outside the above amenities in the city and without having to install expensive electrical line extensions from noisy generators.

With electricity immediately available, you can enjoy all the facilities you would have enjoyed in your urban home, with an extra bonus of being free from noise and pollution by using solar panels.

How to Fix the Xbox 360 e71 Error

When your Xbox 360 console's ring of light flashes 2 red lights, it indicates that your console has encountered a hardware error that prevents it from starting up. Normally this will follow up with an error message appears on screen as well. This error message displays the primary error code, ranging from E01 to E80.

Xbox 360 E71 error is a quite common hardware failures. Xbox 360 Xbox 360 E71 error implies an error with "xam.xex", a program of the Xbox 360 Software. This is possibly an error in updating the Xbox Dashboard.

Installation of the xbox 360 E71 error is quite simple. What you do is just to clear any system updates that cause the console to error. To do this, first turn off the console. With the console off, press and hold the sync button (the small white button that is used to search for wireless connections). While you hold the sync button, turn on the console by pressing the power button and do not release the hold of the sync button until the console is fully booted up. During the boot of the console, any failed updates will be cleared allowing the console to run normally again, thus eliminating the Xbox 360 E71 error. If your console is still not working then perhaps a more serious problem.

Other errors similar to xbox 360 E71 error is error E72 and E80 errors. These errors all involve problems of the Xbox Dashboard, but solutions to these errors may not be the same as the solutions to the E71 error.

Future Technology - Smart Materials

A family of materials with an ability to modify some of its original properties by applying external stimuli such as stress, temperature, humidity, pH, electric and magnetic fields called Smart Materials. Some of the materials that also in this class of materials, piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheostatic materials, electro-rheostatic materials, thermo-responsive materials, pH-sensitive polymers, halochromic materials, electro chrome materials, thermo chrome materials and photo-chrome materials. Smart materials inanimate materials, assimilate various functions such as sensing, actuation, and control logic to adaptively respond to changes in their environment which they are exposed, in a constructive and most recurrent way.

To quote a few illustrative examples of intelligent materials in transition in their property because of the impact of any external stimuli, we will consider piezo electric materials. Piezo electric materials are materials that create tension resulting from the use of stress. The reverse effect on the production of stress when voltage is applied across the piezo electric material also holds good. Therefore, we find extensive use of piezo electric materials as sensors in different environments. They are mainly used to measure fluid compositions, fluid density, fluid viscosity, or the strength of an effect. An example from our daily lives would be an airbag sensor in automobiles, where piezo electric material senses the force of an impact on the car and sends an electrical charge that by triggering airbag inflation.

Another example of piezo electric material will be electro-and magneto-rheostatic rheostatic materials undergo change in their viscosity. These are liquids that almost switch to a solid from a thick fluid within a millisecond when exposed to a magnetic or electric field. Electro-rheostatic liquids undergo changes viscosity when exposed to an electric field whereas magneto-rheostatic liquids undergo similar changes when exposed to a magnetic field. Some common electro-rheostatic fluid milk chocolate or cornstarch, while magneto-rheostatic liquids minute iron particles suspended in oil.

Thermo-responsive materials such as shape memory alloys or shape memory polymers are smart materials that change their shape with changes in temperature. Magnetic shape memory alloys experience shape due to significant changes in magnetic field. pH-sensitive polymers enlarge or collapse when they experience change in pH of surrounding medium. Halochromic materials change their color in response to changes in acidity. One of the most common use of these materials will be in the paint, which is undergoing change in their color as an indication of corrosion of the material beneath them. Chromogenic systems change their color due to the impact of electrical, optical or thermal changes. Electro chrome materials change their color or opacity as a result of the use of voltage, thermal materials, chrome color change based on changes in temperature and photo-chrome materials change their color in response to a change in light. An application of electro-chrome material will be liquid crystal displays and an application of photo-chrome materials will be in sunglasses, which darken on exposure to strong sunlight.

Smart materials find a wide range of applications because of their different responses to external stimuli. The various applications can be in our daily lives, aerospace, engineering applications and mechatronics to name a few. The scope of smart materials include solving engineering problems with unattainable efficiency and allows for creation of new products that generate revenue. Sensual equipment that can sense their environment and produce information for use in health and usage monitoring systems (hums) find application in aerospace industry with the purpose of flight control. An airline requires umpteen number of people power which conduct routine, ramp, intermediate and main control to check health and use of the fleet. This control covers a wide range of tasks requiring a lot of time. Therefore, a plane designed by a sensual structure has an advantage of self-checking its performance to a greater extent than the current data recording and provide ground crews with enhanced health and usage monitoring. This will reduce the costs associated with the hums and thus such an aircraft can fly for several hours without human intervention.

These sensual structures also find application in the field of civil engineering. They are used to monitor civil structures to evaluate their durability. They are also used in food packaging to keep track of safe storage and preparation. However, smart materials and structures is not limited to sensing but also to adapt to their surrounding environment, and these materials have an ability to move, vibrate and display various other actions beyond the sensual aspects. Few applications of such adaptive materials include the ability to control aeroelastic shape of aircraft wing to reduce the pull and improve operational efficiency in order to check vibrations of the satellites' light constructions, etc.

Best Home Theater Receiver The AV Receiver

The surround sound receiver is an important piece of equipment that is more commonly known as the AV receiver. AV in this particular instance refers to audio and video. In other words, the receiver receives all this information and then plays traffic cop directing where it should go. If you buy an all in one sort of AV receiver you will notice that in addition to implementing traffic this particular tool wears many hats when it comes to effectively running your home theater or surround sound system.

The receiver operates as a switch for all audio and visual information coming into your home theater system. This device takes all source information and data and literally switches (or translates if you will) that data into images and sound. Without something to operate in this capacity it would be impossible to have a home theater system because the information could not filtered and translated into the areas that it may go.

Surround decoding is still a task that the AV receiver is acting for grace. Surround sound is encoded onto discs that we play in our theater or sound equipment. The most common form of coding is designed for 5.1 channel surround sound systems such as Dolby Digital or DTS receivers. There are others that exist, but the vast majority of DVDs are designed and coded to the above mentioned 5.1 channel systems.

As if this were not enough, the AV receiver also works in his capacity as a signal processor. Common signals processed by the receiver are the following: THX post-processing, bass management, digital audio decoding, and simulated sound fields. If at all possible, you should really take the effort to find an AV receiver that is THX certified. The requirements to meet the minimal certification standards make a system that meets those standards an excellent investment for your home theater or surround sound needs.

Amplification is yet another of the many tasks performed regularly by your AV receiver. This is an important task to your surround sound and total "theatrical" experience of watching movies on your home. You will probably be wise to check with your dealer about how much amplification you actually need in your home, as there are many extenuating factors that influence this number as ceiling height, square footage of the room, floor material and other things. While more power is good in most situations there are times when it is simply too much for your system to handle. This is one reason why many people choose to buy ready-box kits for their surround sound and home theater need.

Last but certainly not least, the AV receiver actually works as a tuner for AM / FM radio. Do not be too shocked and impressed by all the jobs that this one little device does, just remember this when you see the sticker price and think to themselves how much more you would pay if you buy a separate device for each of these functions. We should all be grateful for the person who invented this particular contraption and be glad to pay the price we pay for the amazing sound produced.

Classification of Wind Turbines

For people who are not privy to how electricity is generated, this article is for thee. There are many forms of electricity and there are many sources for it. A source of electricity is the wind that we are breathing right now. Wind is able to produce mechanical power that is important for power generation.

So how can we get the wind to work for us? Well let us think of it this way. Wind functions in the opposite way a fan does. While a fan uses electricity to generate wind, a turbine uses wind to produce electricity. A typical wind turbine consists of a blade shaft and generator. This is strategically placed to catch the wind, which will then turn the page. The shaft is then triggered by this simple motion. When a continuous effort from the blade and shaft, a generator is connected to the shaft will now provide the necessary electricity. The electricity produced by wind turbines scan give the same quality of electrical energy, such as those available from other sources.

Classification of Wind Turbines

A. According to Design

There are two kinds of wind turbines, the vertical axis design and the horizontal axis design. The vertical axis type is designed as an egg-beater. Darrieus, a French man who invented it. The horizontal wind turbines, on the other hand, two or three blades. This type works best when it is directly into the wind. Farmers with large land discovered a second source of income. When wind turbines became the newest source of electricity, these farmers leased their land to power developers. Wind farms have exploded all across the Midwest.

B. According to Size

Wind turbines vary not only with their design, but also with their size. Smaller turbines are usually less than 100 kilowatts, and are most commonly found in homes. They are associated with simple diesel generators and water pumping needs. There is also the utility-scale wind turbines. They start at 100 kilowatts and reach for even a few megawatts. There is also a really large turbines seen in wind farms. These turbines serve as the primary source of electricity in the grid.

Familiarize yourself with the different parts of a wind turbine

For those of you who are interested in learning more about wind turbines, below are their basic parts and functions:

Anemometer - is a tool that wind speed.

Blades - is the main electricity-generating parts of the turbine. When the wind passes through it, they will rotate whereby a series of reactions that ultimately will lead to electricity generation.

Brake - as with any other break, this is used to stop the turbines in emergencies. This could be a mechanical, electrical or hydraulic break.

Controller - this dictates the wind speed at which turbines start and stop. It usually starts the machine when wind hits 8 mph and stops it upon reaching 55 mph. It is an important part of the machine as it automatically stops any machine activity when wind speed is more than 55 km / h, because the blades can easily be damaged.

Generator - produces electricity usually at 60 cycles.

Shaft - signals the generator to make electricity.

Tower - is a place where the turbines can be placed to get more wind.

Amazon Kindle How-to Series Replacing the Battery on Your Amazon Kindle

Since Amazon Kindle is a relatively recent innovation, most owners have not had their Kindle e-book reader long enough to require a new battery. But if you use your Kindle frequently and charge it often so you can get to the point where the battery does not seem to last as long when your Kindle was new. This is not a usual phenomenon - most rechargeable batteries have a "life" measured in the number of re-charges.

Another reason you may wish to change the battery on your Kindle is that you must use it for a long time and can not charge it. For example, let's say you're planning a trip with a long international airplane flight. In this case you can take two (or more) fully charged batteries Kindle with you and replace them as needed.

To conserve battery power, the Kindle is entering a "sleep" mode if you have not read an e-book or listening to an audio book for a long period. You will recognize when your Kindle enters "sleep mode" as a screen saver on the display in-place for the book you read. Kindle comes with built-in screen saver, or you can check the website in the resource box below to learn how-to create your own.

Your Amazon Kindle has a built-in battery meter, see bottom right side of the screen. The battery power meter is right next to the wireless signal strength meter. It is sometimes easy to get these meters confused. The wireless signal strength is displayed as a bar chart with a small antenna in-front of the first bar. When your battery meter shows almost all white you know it's either time to recharge your Kindle or replace the battery. If the power meter goes down quickly after a charge it may be time to replace the battery.

Here is how you replace the battery on your Amazon Kindle:

1. Turn off your Kindle

2. Find a soft cloth or other means to protect the front of your Kindle

3. Place your Kindle facedown on a flat, safe surface

4. Push the gray back cover of your Kindle

5. You will see the gray battery into the compartment

6. Note the battery compartment has a round "notch" at one end

7. Use your finger (not a screwdriver or other device that can damage your Kindle) gently push the battery on the back of the room then lift it out

8. The battery is attached to your Kindle by a white plastic connector and multiple threads

9. Gently pull the white connector back until the battery is disconnected from your Kindle

10. Attach your new battery by sliding the white wires plug into the correct slot in the battery compartment

11. Seat battery on the back of battery compartment - make sure the white wires plug is connected correctly

12. Press the battery down in front of the battery compartment - note that the battery compartment and has a small chip and grove to help you line-up battery

13. Replace the cover

14. Turn on your Kindle and you're ready to get back to reading your favorite e-book or listen to your favorite audio book

Congratulations! You have just taught, to replace the battery in your Amazon Kindle.

While this is not a procedure that everyone wants to do regularly is helpful to know whether the battery does not hold a charge, or if you travel with more than one charged battery.

One important point! The battery in your Amazon Kindle is made of Lithium Polymer. It must be disposed of properly - probably at a battery recycling location near you.

Best 32 inch LCD TV Samsung 32 inch LCD TV

What is the best sized LCD television that a consumer can consider buying today? What about the Samsung 32 inch LCD TV? This TV has enormous features that are visually and aesthetically pleasing, and perfect in proportion to its reasonable price, combined with its long list of wonderful features. Samsung 32 inch LCD TV is extra light in terms of its overall weight and thus prove extremely portable. This LCD TV also provides consumers with unique angles to view. Lightweight flat attractive screen is fixed on a swivel base, so the Samsung 32 inch LCD TV can be pitched at angles from left to right up to as much as twenty degrees.

So what else does the Samsung 32 inch has to offer customers? LCD TV comes with integrated, small, discreet speakers. This device has ten-watt speakers that give instant illusion of surround sound without the hassle of creating an entire surround sound production system. As for imagery, offered up the device, consumers can not go wrong in choosing this unit. Samsung have integrated a nice contrast ratio equal to ten thousand to one. Clean, clear, sharp, contrast, and deeply colored presentations are guaranteed with this very inexpensive, easily attainable LCD TV selection.

The display size for Samsung 32 inch LCD TV is something to be appreciated as well. The set is neither too small to enjoy or too large to prove troublesome. Since the screen is a moderate size of this LCD TV can be set up on an entertainment rack, incorporated into a predetermined system of entertainment, or mounted on a wall in a moderate size room without danger of being dominated by room size and other household decor . LCD TV from Samsung is fully and nicely equipped with a host of excellent features. This set easily connects to other digital devices, as it is with several high-definition inputs, and whether, as a core of one's overall system of entertainment is simplified. To learn more about the Samsung 32 inch LCD TV, we recommend that you check out the Best LCD TVs. It is a specialized LCD TV for sale site that offers a large selection of new and refurbished LCD TV for the best prices. Looking for big savings, or if you just want to comparatively shop without traveling from store to shops that are really no better way to shop for cheap LCD TVs than LCDTVDeal.com. Be sure to try this website before you buy.

Amazon Kindle How-to Series Convert Free E-books to Kindle Books

While Kindle wireless reading device lets you carry literally hundreds of e-books, newspapers and magazines everywhere you go, your Kindle is actually pretty picky about what types of documents, it will let you read. Free e-books, articles, white papers and other documents that you may wish to read on your Kindle is everywhere on the Internet. The problem is that they are not in a format that is "Free-friendly."

The Kindle "natural" supports following document formats -

Kindle documents (. Azw)

Text Documents (. Txt)

Mobi Reader documents (. Mobilier or. Prc)

But if you have a document you want to read on your Kindle that are in a different format - for example = a free e-book that is an Adobe Reader (. Pdf file) or a Microsoft Word (. Doc file) you have to convert it into the correct format for use on your Kindle. Fortunately, it is not something that is hard to do.

Amazon has a service which they charge a nominal amount allows you to convert documents such as. Pdf (Adobe Acrobat Reader) files to Kindle files. To do this you must have an active Free e-mail address. To ensure you are set-up with a Kindle e-mail address by visiting the "Manage Your Kindle" in the Amazon Web site. Typically your Kindle email address be "yourusername@kindle.com".

1. Make sure the document you want to convert, is one of the following formats

Microsoft Word (. Doc)

HTML (. Html)

Adobe Acrobat Reader (. Pdf)

2. Check that the file is not "protected". This can happen with e-books you have purchased with DRM (digital rights management) restrictions. You also may have documents that contain passwords or other means to restrict access. You will not be able to convert these files.

3. Create an email to your Kindle email address and attach the file you want to read on your Kindle.

4. Send e-mail - Amazon will convert the document and send it to your Kindle via the wireless connection.

5. The cost for this service is $ 10 (ten cents) per document.

If you want to convert your document without charge, or is in an area where you can not get access to the Kindle's wireless service, you can do it with a small change in the above steps.

Instead of sending e-mails with attached documents to your Kindle email address send it to "yourusername@free.kindle.com". Amazon will convert the document and send it back to the originating email address. When you get an email back from Amazon you can download the document to your Kindle using the USB cable connected to your computer.

It is as simple as that!

A couple of important things to remember. First, as noted above, if the files you wish to convert have any DRM (digital rights management) restrictions then the file will not be converted. Also - this is an "experimental" service for Amazon. Documents with complex formatting, or certain. Pdf files may not convert as expected. Although this may not prevent you from reading the document, it will make it slightly more difficult to navigate through and around your eBook.

Congratulations! Now you know how you can quickly convert e-books in Microsoft Word, HTML, and Adobe Acrobat Reader format for the "Free-friendly" e-books. This process can help you add a lot of good content on your Kindle wireless reading device.

Amazon Kindle How-to Help! My Kindle's Frozen!

You just got your new Kindle and have loaded it up with e-books and audiobooks. After playing awhile, you decide to make a few phone calls. When you come back, find your Kindle screen is frozen! Unresponsive. The Next Page and Previous Page buttons will not work. The (Aaa) not "wake up". Nothing seems to bring your Kindle back to life. The old school screen saver just stares back at you.

First and foremost - do not panic. As with any electronic device, sometimes Kindle has a few hiccups. There are a few things you can do to get your Kindle running back good as new.

1. Plug-in your charger. Sometimes Kindle battery may have worn enough so that it will "freeze". Connecting the charger in and give your Kindle battery some much needed power often will un-freeze the screen.

2. If it does not work, try what is called a "soft reset." To do a soft reset of your Kindle press , and keys simultaneously. Your Kindle screen will go blank or dark, and then slowly return to life.

3. When you perform a soft reset does not work, you will occasionally need to do a "hard reset." To do a hard reset -

- Ensure that the Kindle's battery is charged (about one hour of charge time to do it)

- Remove the charger cord from your Kindle

- Open the back of your Kindle

- Find the small hole below the words "Reset"

- Open a small paper clip

- Put the paper clip end into the hole and press gently for about 10 seconds

- Your Kindle screen will go blank (or black) and then Kindle should re-start

4. After a hard reset does not work try to remove and replace the battery in your Kindle. This is a bit more complicated but not too difficult -

- Make your Kindle off

- Remove charger cord from your Kindle

- Open the back of your Kindle

- Find gray battery and finger-notch to remove the battery

- Gently press the battery against the back of his room, then lift out the battery

- Find the plug, attach the battery to Kindle

- Gently pull the battery connector out of the Kindle

- With the battery out of Kindle turn it on for about 5 seconds

- Replace the battery and close the back cover of your Kindle

- Turn on Kindle

If your Kindle is still "frozen" after completing the above steps, your next move to contact Amazon Kindle support team. Go to your Amazon account page - select "Manage My Kindle" and contact the support team there. You can find the link at the top of the "Manage My Kindle" on the far right side.

There is a good chance, however, that the above steps will get your Kindle un-frozen and now you'll be back enjoying your favorite e-book or audio book.

Congratulations! You have now learned how to make a soft and hard reset for your Amazon Kindle wireless reading device.