ce, while relativism not truth reigned over the contemporary imagination. Cosmology would suffer from the same 'evolutionary' mindset and Birkeland wrote as much: "We have assumed that each stellar system in evolutions throws electric corpuscles into space. It seems not unreasonable therefore to think that a larger portion of the material mass in the universe is found, not in solar systems or nebulae, but in" empty " space ".
In this way, Birkeland predicted that because of 'trends' presence in the cosmos most of the substance in the universe to be found in "empty" space rather than the observed stellar objects. It is currently believed that only four percent of the universe is that ordinary visible stellar type. Further, about one quarter of the universe consists of the ubiquitous dark matter with the rest of the cosmos is filled with the even more bizarre dark energy. It was Fritz Zwicky, a Swiss astrophysicist working to Caltech, which will promote the concept of dark matter through the management of the Virial theorem.
This mathematical relationship is a formula that limits the energy of a set of particles. In another dark year in constant evolution to slavery since 1933 as the removal of gold from the accounts of American citizenship, Zwicky used the Virial phrase in an attempt to determine the validity of the dark matter hypothesis. He focused his attention on the Coma galactic cluster and his analysis provided prima facie confirmation for the existence of dark matter. By assessing the amount of movement of these galaxies on the periphery of cluster he was able to guess about the total sum of all the issues therein.
He was amazed to learn that this total mass is distinct from a separately calculated estimates. This second value is obtained by analyzing the sum total of galaxies and the brightness of the Coma cluster. Compared this value with the periphery of charge, he noted that there was a difference of at least four hundred. Since the galaxies were large enough to cause the computed orbital velocities there must be another mechanism to explain this phenomenon. This conundrum became in the scientific lexicon the missing mass problem. Zwicky had established the need for the existence of an invisible source of mass hitherto unknown which must provide the necessary gravitational effect of the cluster.
It is a fact for the current state of cosmology that the greatest set of evidence for dark matter comes from this galactic gravitational data. Scientists have even made galactic curves describing the rotational properties of stars versus the distance from the galactic center. When the gravitational data is plotted it can be shown that only a small fraction of the observed speeds are explicable by classical computations. In other words, there is a lack of visible mass in the observed galaxies to attribute the sum total of gravitational effects to visibly observable stars planets and galaxies. Thus, the simplest way to explain this mystery of galactic mass sufficient to hypothesize a non-detectable type of mass known as dark matter, which may cause the gravitational effects.
As more and more data is collected on these and other aspects of the universe, formulas and cosmological postulates are generated describing the results achieved. Complies with those aspects leads some scientists to propose several different types of dark matter. The four main types of dark matter are called 1 - baryonic dark matter, 2 - hot dark matter, 3 - cold dark matter and 4 - hot dark matter. Dark matter ranges from the familiar to the expected, from black holes to brown dwarfs to the massive compact halo objects (Machos), neutrinos, Axion, wimps or weakly interacting massive particles and the esoteric neutralino. There is however an alternative explanation for the gravitational effects that originally created the dark matter concept.
If an incomplete understanding of gravity is included into the image so it can be argued that the dark matter interpretation is incorrect, because another reason is to generate these phenomena. Several conflicting theories have been developed to describe the observed galactic data. In particular, one of the main competing explanations of scalar tensor theories which try to combine the teaching of quantum mechanics with gravity. Deepening of these ideas leads to a variety of exotic ideas which challenge our most fundamental concepts in physics and astronomy. Other concepts go even further and has been a subject of interest for astronomers like Dr. Riccardo Scarpa because they allow for a cosmology without the inclusion of the enigmatic dark matter.
Dr. Scarpa works at the European Southern Observatory in
"Dark matter is the craziest idea we've ever had in astronomy. It can occur when you need it, it can do what you want, can be distributed in any way you wish. It is the story about astronomy."
In light of these comments must be asked whether another scientific idea might be on the verge of collapse. Indeed, astronomers are routinely using these other theoretical principles on a daily basis in infrared observatories around the world. It is therefore very likely that we are simply wrong about all this dark matter. It is in all likelihood, the only dark matter that we will ever find is that ignorant dark matter between our ears.
